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The exponential growth of artificial intelligence (AI) and high-performance computing (HPC) has transformed the data center landscape, driving unprecedented increases in power density, heat generation, and sustainability demands. As AI workloads push rack densities well beyond 40–100 kW, traditional air-based cooling methods are rapidly reaching their thermodynamic and operational limits. In this context, closed-loop cooling towers—also known as closed-circuit or evaporative

Introduction: The Future of Water Treatment for Educational and Healthcare Facilities Water quality and system reliability are...